Embryonic development unfolds in a meticulously orchestrated
sequence. This progression is meticulously regulated by the genome, the repository
of genetic information. Yet, instances arise where individuals are born with
malformed or anomalous organs.
Illustrations
Microcephaly: Characterized by reduced skull size.
Cleft Palate: Manifests as a bifurcation in the upper lip.
Polydactyly: Resulting in an excess of digits on hands or feet, exceeding the
usual count of five.
Teratology, a branch of biology, delves into the exploration of
aberrant development. The origins of abnormality can be ascribed to three
tiers: (a) Genetic Level, (b) Chromosomal Level, and (c) Glandular Functioning.
At the Genetic Level: Numerous anomalies stem from gene mutations, such as the presence
of an extra finger or albinism.
Chromosomal Level: Deviations from the typical 46 chromosomes can give rise to
various syndromes, exemplified by Down syndrome and Turner syndrome.
Abnormalities can arise from chromosome fragments or breaks, leading to
conditions like cri-du-chat syndrome—so named because a crying child's wail
resembles a cat's cry—due to deletion in the short arm of chromosome 5.
Glandular Functioning: As explored in the realm of Endocrine Glands, imbalances in
hormone secretion, either excessive or deficient, contribute to an array of
irregularities, including gigantism and dwarfism.
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