Spermatophytes, also known
as seed plants, have evolved several advantages of seed habits over other modes
of reproduction. Here are some of the advantages of seed habits in
spermatophytes:
Protection
Seeds provide protection to
the developing embryo, which is surrounded by a tough outer covering called the
seed coat. This protects the embryo from damage due to desiccation, mechanical
injury, or attack by pathogens.
Dispersal
Seeds are capable of
dispersing over long distances, allowing plants to colonize new areas and avoid
competition with parent plants. Seeds can be dispersed by wind, water, animals,
or other mechanisms.
Dormancy
Seeds can remain dormant for
long periods of time, waiting for favorable conditions to germinate. This
allows plants to survive through unfavorable seasons or environmental
conditions.
Nutrient supply
Seeds contain a supply of
nutrients, such as starch, proteins, and oils, that can sustain the developing
embryo until it can produce its own food through photosynthesis.
Genetic variability
Seeds are the result of
sexual reproduction, which allows for genetic variability and the production of
new combinations of traits. This can increase the adaptability of a plant
population to changing environmental conditions.
Longevity
Some seeds can remain viable
for many years, allowing plants to survive through unfavorable conditions and
even periods of extinction.
The advantages of seed
habits have made spermatophytes highly successful and dominant in most
terrestrial ecosystems. Seed plants include angiosperms (flowering plants) and
gymnosperms (non-flowering seed plants), and they are economically important
for food, fiber, medicine, and other products.
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